ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON THE WELFARE STATE: CONCEPTUAL BASES AND PRACTICAL DIMENSION
Abstract
It has been argued that in the last two decades, new challenges related to solidarity with immigrants have been on the agenda in countries with a developed welfare state institution. This is due, on the one hand, to the emergence of new large-scale conflicts around the world, and on the other – to the decline of the welfare state’s sustainability, one of its key objectives is to promote the integration of migrant workers and refugees. The main approaches to the relationship between the welfare state and immigration have been analyzed: the concept of ‘New Liberal Dilemma’ and the concept of ‘Welfare Chauvinism’ or ‘Welfare State Nationalism’. It is noted that the concept of the "new liberal dilemma" provides that: 1) a strong welfare state is based on strong solidarity of citizens, including immigrants; 2) at the same time, the stability of the institution of the welfare state is under threat when the community becomes more diverse; 3) the consequence of the significant diversity of communities of social states and the granting of social rights to immigrants was a gradual decline in citizens' support for the idea of the welfare state. At the heart of the dilemma is the uncertainty and ambiguity of neoliberal and social-democratic politicians in choosing between openness to immigrants and the need to maintain strong national social security systems. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the concept of "social security chauvinism", which restricts the social rights of immigrants or (in a softer version of the concept) provides for social guarantees only if they meet certain criteria. It is noted that: 1) in the pre-crisis period of the evolution of the welfare state (early 1960s - mid 1970s) under the influence of active decolonization, migrants were granted some (limited) social rights. However, the activities of the welfare state institution were directed primarily to the needs of citizens of these states; 2) in the 1970s, thanks to the human rights movement, the prospects for social empowerment of immigrants increased; 3) since the 1990s, the trend of expanding the social rights of immigrants has been suspended. This is due to the entry of the welfare state institution into a deep crisis and a simultaneous increase in the number of refugee immigrants, whose integration required significant funding; 4) the last few crises (financial crisis of 2008, European migration crisis of 2015, coronavirus crisis of 2020-2021) have increased the vulnerability of migrants. It is proved that the crisis phenomena in the functioning of the welfare state have a set of causes and are not limited exclusively to the impact of immigration on the social sphere of life of developed countries.
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